INTERPERSONAL METAFUNCTION IN FORMAL AND INFORMAL ENGLISH CONVERSATIONS: A HALLIDAYAN SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS APPROACH

Abstrak

Interpersonal meaning has been widely examined in academic writing, public speeches, and textbook dialogues. However, fewer studies have directly compared how speech functions and Mood are realized, both congruently and metaphorically, in a formal workplace interaction and an informal restaurant service encounter. This study addresses this gap by examining how interpersonal meaning is realized in formal and informal English conversations using Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach. It examines the use of different speech functions and mood types, as well as the realization of meaning through congruent and metaphorical expressions in different interactional contexts. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method by analyzing clause structures from two written dialogues: a professional workplace meeting representing a formal setting and a restaurant ordering conversation representing a more informal service interaction. Each clause was analyzed in terms of Mood and Residue, classified according to speech functions, and organized into tables to identify the frequency of each structure. The findings show that declarative moods, which realize statements, are dominant in both contexts, indicating that information exchange is prominent in the two interactional settings. In the formal interaction, suggestions and proposals are frequently realized through modified declarative or interrogative structures rather than direct commands. In the restaurant interaction, questions, minor clauses, and elliptical expressions occur more frequently, while requests for food items are commonly realized through declarative expressions such as "I'd like…" and "I'll take…". Modality also functions as a resource for managing interpersonal influence and expressing degrees of inclination and possibility. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Mood, speech function, and tenor interact in shaping how participants exchange information and goods-and-services while negotiating interpersonal relationships, power, and social roles.

Makna interpersonal telah banyak dikaji dalam tulisan akademik, pidato publik, dan dialog buku teks. Namun, masih sedikit penelitian yang secara langsung membandingkan realisasi fungsi tuturan dan Mood, baik secara kongruen maupun metaforis, dalam interaksi kerja formal dan interaksi layanan restoran yang informal. Penelitian ini menjawab kesenjangan tersebut dengan mengkaji bagaimana makna interpersonal direalisasikan dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris formal dan informal melalui pendekatan Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) Halliday. Penelitian ini menelaah penggunaan berbagai fungsi tuturan dan jenis Mood, serta realisasi makna melalui ungkapan kongruen dan metaforis dalam konteks interaksi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan menganalisis struktur klausa dari dua dialog tertulis: rapat kerja profesional yang mewakili situasi formal dan percakapan pemesanan di restoran yang mewakili interaksi layanan yang lebih informal. Setiap klausa dianalisis berdasarkan unsur Mood dan Residue, diklasifikasikan menurut fungsi tuturan, dan disusun dalam tabel untuk mengidentifikasi frekuensi setiap struktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Mood deklaratif, yang merealisasikan pernyataan, mendominasi kedua konteks, yang menandakan bahwa pertukaran informasi menonjol dalam kedua situasi interaksi tersebut. Dalam interaksi formal, saran dan usulan sering direalisasikan melalui struktur deklaratif atau interogatif yang dimodifikasi, bukan melalui perintah langsung. Dalam interaksi di restoran, pertanyaan, klausa minor, dan ungkapan elips lebih sering muncul, sedangkan permintaan makanan umumnya direalisasikan melalui ungkapan deklaratif seperti "I'd like…" dan "I'll take…". Modalitas juga berfungsi sebagai sumber daya untuk mengatur pengaruh interpersonal dan mengungkapkan tingkat kecenderungan serta kemungkinan. Secara keseluruhan, temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa Mood, fungsi tuturan, dan tenor saling berinteraksi dalam membentuk cara para partisipan bertukar informasi serta barang dan jasa sambil menegosiasikan hubungan interpersonal, kekuasaan, dan peran sosial.